Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most global threatened diseases; particularly coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major deadly attack around the world. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with a 2 to 4-fold increased mortality risk from heart disease. Diabetes related microvascular complication is seemed to be a hazardous factor for cardiovascular system and likely to cause coronary arteries disease, hypertension, peripheral arteries, and carotid vessels, especially seen in the type 2 DM populations. The severity of cardiovascular complications are related to prolong hyperglycemia and the control of dysglycemia. Thus, effective glycemic control is one of the imperative aspects of the management for the prevention of CVD in diabetes. In addition, different kinds of antidiabetes agents have different mechanism of actions that has impacted to cardiovascular outcome. The benefit and risk of current anti-diabetic agents are needed to define clearly and that is needed to promote effective clinical care between cardiology and diabetology. There are multiple complications and sequelae of diabetes that requires the involvement of cardiologic expertise in the diabetes care setting in heart disease population. Therefore, the close cooperation between the cardiologist and the diabetologist is new perceptive way of care to defeat diabetes related cardiovascular complications.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of left ventricular dysfunction (LVD). Confl icting evidence exists with regards to available treatments and patient prognosis. Revascularization may improve ventricular function while coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) has signifi cantly improved survival. The effectiveness of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has also not been thoroughly investigated to date.

Aims: Mechanical force applied during leads removal is the main cause for major complications and cardiovascular injuries. Aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse safety and effectiveness of a stepwise interdisciplinary approach for mechanical transvenous lead extraction.

Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer of death around the world. Most of the cardiovascular diseases are caused by sedentary life style, bad eating habit, tobacco smoking, high alcohol intake, dyslipidemia and genetic factors .Recently the idea of human microbiome science has emerged in diseases pathogenesis .The human gut is a house of trillions of microbial floral. Since a couple of decades ago, there has been interesting insights into the human gut microbiota and have highlighted its increasingly association to cardiovascular (CV) and metabolic diseases. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which is a metabolic product from gut microbiota plays a central role in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. Nature of microbial inhabitants within the host has been noticed by the numbers of scientists and researchers to understand more about the hidden mechanism of diseases pathogenesis including cardiovascular disease, metabolic and autoimmune diseases and it has become a good hope to develop new drug designs to prevent metabolic and cardiovascular disease in near future.

Background: We compared the angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 (sacubitril/valsartan) with enalapril in patients who had nonischemic heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. Methods: In this double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 8442 patients with class II, III, or IV heart failure and an ejection fraction of 40% or less to receive either LCZ696 (at a dose of 200 mg twice daily) or enalapril (at a dose of 10 mg twice daily), in addition to recommended therapy. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalization for heart failure, but the trial was designed to detect a difference in the rates of death from cardiovascular causes.

Background : Several studies indicate that HRmax estimates using the traditional equation, HRmax = 220 - Age, may represent a regression slope and intercept that does reflect the true relationship between age and maximal cardiac frequency. Meta-analysis of several pertinent studies indicates that 220-Age significantly under-estimates the true HRmax, particularly in older patients. This is a critical issue in the exercise evaluation of pilots with CAD who seek reinstatement of an aviation medical certificate after a cardiac illness because end-points in exercise testing and fitness assessment are based upon the 220--Age method of HRmax estimation.

Introduction: Arrhythmic complications of acute myocardial infarction like ventricular arrhythmias are common and determine the clinical outcome. The associated risk factors like potassium level may help triage the patients to reduce mortality.

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation of cTn levels in the acute phase of ischemic stroke with the extent of stroke, the degree of disability assessed on the modified Rankin Scale, and their prognostic significance.

Background: Valsalva maneuver one of the oldest method to diagnose heart failure, it’s cheap ,non-invasive ,bedside tool .Its well-studied in systolic heart failure patients which showed abnormal response either square wave or absent phase IV ,however in diastolic heart failure and diastolic dysfunction were not investigated .